Jewelry Guide

A short guide to pearls, necklace lengths, ring styles, earrings, necklaces, bracelets, metals and stones, and pocket watches. Use it to learn what makes each piece special and how to care for it.

The History of Pearls

People have prized pearls for thousands of years. The oldest written mention of natural pearls comes from a Chinese historian in 2206 BC. The Persian Gulf was one of the great sources of natural pearls from ancient times until 1492.

Japanese pioneers grew the first whole cultured pearls around the start of the 1900s. By the 1920s, cultured pearls had become an important business, and natural pearl production began to decline.

Natural and Cultured Pearls

A natural pearl forms inside a mollusk with no help from people. A cultured pearl needs a person to start the process. A pearl farmer places a shell bead or a small piece of tissue inside the mollusk. The mollusk then coats it in layers of nacre, the material that gives a pearl its glow.

Types of Pearls

Akoya
Saltwater pearls from Japan and China. White or cream Akoya pearls are the classic choice for a single strand.

South Sea
Saltwater pearls from Australia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Colors range from white to silver and gold.

Tahitian
Saltwater pearls from French Polynesia, often called black pearls. Colors range from gray to black and brown, sometimes with blue, green, purple, or pink tones.

Freshwater
Pearls grown in lakes and ponds, mostly in China. They are the most common type and come in many sizes, shapes, and colors.

How to Judge Pearl Quality

The Gemological Institute of America (GIA) looks at seven factors: size, shape, color, luster, surface, nacre, and matching.

Luster is the shine of the pearl. Pearls with high luster show bright, sharp reflections.
Surface covers spots, bumps, and scratches. A few small marks matter less, especially when a drill hole or setting hides them.
Nacre is the pearl's outer layer. Thin nacre can make a pearl look dull or chalky and wear faster.
Matching matters for strands and sets. Each pearl should look like its neighbors.

Caring for Your Pearls

Pearls are soft. They rate 2.5 on the Mohs hardness scale, so they scratch easily. A little care keeps them bright for years.

Keep perfume, hairspray, makeup, and other chemicals off your pearls. Wipe them with a soft, clean cloth after each wear. For a deeper clean, use warm, soapy water, and let strung pearls dry completely before you wear them. Never use an ultrasonic or steam cleaner. Keep pearls away from high heat and dry, hot places. Store them in a soft pouch or case, away from sharp or rough objects. Have a strand restrung when the silk looks stretched, dark, or worn.

Necklace Lengths

Collar, 12 to 13 inches. Fits high and snug on the throat.
Choker, 14 to 16 inches. Sits at the base of the neck.
Princess, 17 to 19 inches. Falls to the collarbone. This is the most popular length.
Matinee, 20 to 24 inches. Drops to the top of the chest.
Opera, 30 to 36 inches. Long enough to wrap into a double or triple strand.
Rope, longer than 36 inches. Wrap it around the neck or knot it to hang down the front or back.

Pearl necklace length chartWhere each necklace length falls on the body. Collar 12 to 13 inches. Choker 14 to 16 inches. Princess 17 to 19 inches. Matinee 20 to 24 inches. Opera 30 to 36 inches. Rope longer than 36 inches.Collar12–13 inChoker14–16 inPrincess17–19 inMatinee20–24 inOpera30–36 inRope36+ in

Ring Styles

Solitaire. A single center stone.
Halo. A center stone circled by smaller stones.
Three-stone. One center stone with a stone of the same size or smaller on each side.
Cocktail or cluster. An oversized ring with a large center stone, often surrounded by tiny stones.
Eternity band. A ring that stands for lasting love. It is often given in place of an engagement ring.
Signet. A ring often engraved with a family crest. Some can press their design into sealing wax.

Ring styles chartSix ring styles. Solitaire: a single center stone. Halo: a center stone circled by smaller stones. Three-stone: one center stone with a stone of the same size or smaller on each side. Cocktail or cluster: an oversized ring with a large center stone, often surrounded by tiny stones. Eternity band: a ring that stands for lasting love, often given in place of an engagement ring. Signet: a ring often engraved with a family crest.SolitaireA single center stoneHaloCenter stone circledby smaller stonesThree-stoneCenter stone with astone on each sideCocktail or clusterLarge center stone, oftenwith tiny stones around itEternity bandStands for lasting loveSignetOften engraved witha family crestRing styles chartSix ring styles. Solitaire: a single center stone. Halo: a center stone circled by smaller stones. Three-stone: one center stone with a stone of the same size or smaller on each side. Cocktail or cluster: an oversized ring with a large center stone, often surrounded by tiny stones. Eternity band: a ring that stands for lasting love, often given in place of an engagement ring. Signet: a ring often engraved with a family crest.SolitaireA single center stoneHaloCenter stone circledby smaller stonesThree-stoneCenter stone with astone on each sideCocktail or clusterLarge center stone, oftenwith tiny stones around itEternity bandStands for lasting loveSignetOften engraved witha family crest

Vintage Ring Eras

Vintage and antique rings often show the style of the time they were made. Use these eras, from the 1700s to today, as a guide. Dates are approximate, and sources differ by a few years.

Georgian, 1714–1837. Rose-cut and old mine cut diamonds, often in closed-back settings with foil behind the stone. Many designs drew on nature. These rings are delicate and need extra care.
Victorian, 1837–1901. Romantic designs with hearts, flowers, and snakes. Pearls, opals, and cluster rings were popular. Diamonds became more common late in the era, after they were found in South Africa.
Edwardian, about 1900–1915. Lacy platinum set with diamonds, with fine filigree and milgrain edges. Designs used garlands, bows, and scrolls. Pearls and the marquise cut were in style.
Art Deco, 1920s–1930s. Bold geometric shapes like squares, rectangles, and triangles. Diamonds often sit next to bright colored stones.
Retro, mid-1930s–1950s. Art Deco shapes softened with curves. Rings were mostly gold, especially rose gold, often with large colored stones like aquamarine, citrine, or amethyst.
Mid-Century, 1950s–1960s. Clean, sleek lines with a glamorous look. Platinum and white gold were popular, often with baguette or round accent diamonds.
1970s, organic and sculpted. Designers used freeform, textured, and abstract shapes, often in chunky yellow gold. Matching engagement and wedding ring sets also became popular.
1980s, bold and opulent. Yellow gold was the top choice, and rings got bigger and bolder. In 1981, Princess Diana’s sapphire and diamond cluster ring made colored stones and halo settings popular. Pear-shaped and baguette diamonds were also common.
1990s, sleek and simple. Tastes moved from heavy yellow gold to platinum and white gold. Bands got thinner and settings got sleeker. Princess-cut and marquise-cut diamonds were favorites.
2000s–2010s, more sparkle. Halo settings and pavé bands, which are lined with tiny diamonds, added sparkle. Three-stone rings and channel-set bands were common. In the 2010s, cushion cuts, very thin bands, and rose gold grew popular. Colored stones came back after 2010.
Modern, 2020s to today. Many rings keep a simple look from the top and hide details below, such as a hidden halo under the center stone. East-west settings, bezel settings, and thicker bands are in style, and yellow gold has returned.

Vintage ring eras chartTimeline of vintage ring eras. Georgian, 1714 to 1837: rose-cut diamonds and nature designs. Victorian, 1837 to 1901: hearts, flowers, pearls, and cluster rings. Edwardian, about 1900 to 1915: lacy platinum with filigree and milgrain. Art Deco, 1920s to 1930s: bold geometric shapes with bright colored stones. Retro, mid-1930s to 1950s: curved rose gold and big colored stones. Mid-Century, 1950s to 1960s: clean lines, platinum, and baguette diamonds. 1970s: freeform, textured yellow gold. 1980s: bold yellow gold, sapphires, halos, and clusters. 1990s: sleek platinum and white gold with princess-cut diamonds. 2000s to 2010s: halos, pavé bands, and three-stone rings. Modern, 2020s to today: east-west stones, hidden halos, and yellow gold. Dates are approximate.1700175018001850190019502000Georgian1714–1837Rose-cut diamonds,nature designsVictorian1837–1901Hearts, flowers,pearls, clustersEdwardianAbout 1900–1915Lacy platinum,filigree, milgrainArt Deco1920s–1930sBold geometry,bright color stonesRetroMid-1930s–1950sRose gold curves,big colored stonesMid-Century1950s–1960sClean lines,platinum, baguettes1970sOrganic and sculptedTextured yellow gold,freeform shapes1980sBold and opulentYellow gold, sapphires,halos, clusters1990sSleek and simplePlatinum, white gold,princess cut2000s–2010sMore sparkleHalos, pavé bands,three-stone ringsModern2020s–TodayEast-west stones,hidden halos, goldVintage ring eras chartTimeline of vintage ring eras. Georgian, 1714 to 1837: rose-cut diamonds and nature designs. Victorian, 1837 to 1901: hearts, flowers, pearls, and cluster rings. Edwardian, about 1900 to 1915: lacy platinum with filigree and milgrain. Art Deco, 1920s to 1930s: bold geometric shapes with bright colored stones. Retro, mid-1930s to 1950s: curved rose gold and big colored stones. Mid-Century, 1950s to 1960s: clean lines, platinum, and baguette diamonds. 1970s: freeform, textured yellow gold. 1980s: bold yellow gold, sapphires, halos, and clusters. 1990s: sleek platinum and white gold with princess-cut diamonds. 2000s to 2010s: halos, pavé bands, and three-stone rings. Modern, 2020s to today: east-west stones, hidden halos, and yellow gold. Dates are approximate.1700175018001850190019502000Georgian1714–1837Rose-cut diamonds,nature designsVictorian1837–1901Hearts, flowers,pearls, clustersEdwardianAbout 1900–1915Lacy platinum,filigree, milgrainArt Deco1920s–1930sBold geometry,bright color stonesRetroMid-1930s–1950sRose gold curves,big colored stonesMid-Century1950s–1960sClean lines,platinum, baguettes1970sOrganic and sculptedTextured yellow gold,freeform shapes1980sBold and opulentYellow gold, sapphires,halos, clusters1990sSleek and simplePlatinum, white gold,princess cut2000s–2010sMore sparkleHalos, pavé bands,three-stone ringsModern2020s–TodayEast-west stones,hidden halos, gold

Ring Details to Know

Look for these details when you shop for a vintage ring.

Filigree. Fine metal wire shaped into lace-like patterns. It was popular in Edwardian rings.
Milgrain. A row of tiny metal beads along an edge. It is common in Edwardian and Art Deco rings.
Old mine cut. A square or cushion-shaped diamond with a small flat top and a tall upper part. It was used in Georgian and early to mid-Victorian rings.
Old European cut. A round diamond with a very small flat top and a tall upper part. It is found in late Victorian, Edwardian, and Art Deco rings.
East-west setting. The center stone sits sideways across the finger instead of pointing toward the fingertip. It works best with long shapes like oval, emerald, and marquise.
Lab-grown vs. earth-mined gems. Earth-mined, or natural, gems formed deep in the earth, some over billions of years. Lab-grown gems are made in a lab, often in a few weeks. A lab-grown diamond is a real diamond with essentially the same chemistry, hardness, and sparkle as a mined one. Only a gem lab with special tools can reliably tell them apart. Other gems, such as rubies and sapphires, can also be lab-created. Federal Trade Commission guidelines say sellers should clearly label these stones with words like “lab-grown” or “lab-created.” Prices can differ a lot between lab-grown and mined stones.
Cubic zirconia (CZ). A man-made stone that looks like a diamond but is a different material, so it is called a diamond simulant. It is softer than diamond, about 8 to 8.5 on the 10-point Mohs hardness scale, so it scratches and wears faster. It also shows more rainbow flashes and weighs more than a diamond of the same size. CZ was first sold for jewelry in 1976, so a CZ in an older ring was added later.
Moissanite. A gem made of silicon carbide, a mix of silicon and carbon. French chemist Henri Moissan first found it in 1893 in a meteorite crater in Arizona. Natural moissanite is very rare, so the moissanite in jewelry is made in a lab. It went on sale as a diamond alternative in 1998. It is very hard, at 9.25 on the Mohs scale, and gives off more rainbow sparkle than a diamond. It is not a diamond, but it can fool some basic diamond testers.

Learning Your Gemstone Style

A gem’s cut is the shape and pattern of its facets, the small flat faces polished onto the stone. The cut changes how a gem sparkles and how it looks on your hand. Start by noticing which shapes you keep coming back to. Then use this guide to find ring settings that suit them.

Brilliant cuts. Many small, angled facets bounce light around for lots of sparkle. Round, oval, cushion, princess, radiant, pear, marquise, and heart stones are usually brilliant cut.
Step cuts. Long, flat facets sit in rows like stairs. They give broad flashes of light, often called a “hall of mirrors” look. They also show more of the stone’s inside, so flaws are easier to see. Emerald and Asscher cuts are step cuts.
Cabochons. These are smooth, polished domes with no facets. Opal, turquoise, and moonstone are often cut this way. Star sapphires and star rubies need a dome to show their star.

Ask yourself a few questions to narrow down your style.

Do you love sparkle? Look at brilliant cuts. The round cut has the most brightness of all.
Do you like clean lines and an Art Deco look? Look at emerald and Asscher step cuts.
Want the stone to look bigger? Long shapes like oval, pear, and marquise can look larger than a round stone of the same weight. An oval can also make fingers look slimmer.
Do you use your hands a lot? Shapes with points or sharp corners, like princess, pear, marquise, and heart, can chip at those spots. Round, oval, and cushion shapes have no points.

Here is how each cut pairs with ring settings.

Round. A timeless classic. It works in a simple solitaire or a more detailed design.
Oval. Round-style sparkle in a longer, graceful shape. It suits both vintage and modern settings.
Cushion. A square or rectangle with soft, rounded corners and a vintage feel. It fits antique-style rings and modern halos.
Princess. A square with sharp corners and a modern look. Choose V-shaped prongs, split prongs with two at each corner, or a bezel to keep the corners from chipping.
Radiant. Brilliant sparkle with the clean lines of a square or rectangle. It works as a solitaire or with a halo, and its trimmed corners help prevent chips.
Emerald. A long step-cut rectangle that looks sleek and refined. It suits simple, Art Deco, and vintage-inspired settings. Choose a higher clarity grade, since flaws are easier to see.
Asscher. A square step cut with an Art Deco feel. Many show an “X” pattern when you look down at them. It works in a solitaire, halo, or antique-style setting.
Pear. A teardrop shape that adds drama and length. Its point needs secure prongs or a bezel. You can wear it point up, point down, or at an angle.
Marquise. A long shape with two points that can look larger than other shapes of the same weight. Use prongs or V-shaped guards at each end. A halo softens the points, and an east-west setting gives it a modern look.
Heart. A romantic shape. Prongs should guard the point and sit on the rounded tops, not in the dip between them. It looks best at half a carat or larger.
Cabochon. A smooth dome that shows off color and special effects. It can sit in a bezel or in prongs. A bezel, a metal rim around the stone, is the safest way to hold it.

Gemstone cut styles chartChart of gemstone cut shapes and the ring settings they pair with. Round, brilliant cut: classic solitaire or detailed designs. Oval, brilliant cut: vintage or modern settings. Cushion, brilliant cut: halo or antique-style rings. Princess, brilliant cut: V-shaped prongs or a bezel to guard the corners. Radiant, brilliant cut: solitaire or halo. Emerald, step cut: simple, Art Deco, or vintage settings. Asscher, step cut: solitaire, halo, or antique style. Pear, brilliant cut: prongs or a bezel that guard the tip. Marquise, brilliant cut: V-shaped prongs, halo, or east-west. Heart, brilliant cut: prongs that guard the point. Cabochon, no facets: bezel or prong settings.Brilliant cut: many small facets, lots of sparkle. Step cut: long, flat facets in rows.RoundBrilliant cutClassic solitaireor detailed designsOvalBrilliant cutVintage ormodern settingsCushionBrilliant cutHalo orantique-style ringsPrincessBrilliant cutV-prongs or bezelto guard cornersRadiantBrilliant cutSolitaireor haloEmeraldStep cutSimple, Art Deco,or vintage settingsAsscherStep cutSolitaire, halo,or antique stylePearBrilliant cutProngs or bezelthat guard the tipMarquiseBrilliant cutV-prongs, halo,or east-westHeartBrilliant cutProngs thatguard the pointCabochonNo facetsBezel orprong settingsGemstone cut styles chartChart of gemstone cut shapes and the ring settings they pair with. Round, brilliant cut: classic solitaire or detailed designs. Oval, brilliant cut: vintage or modern settings. Cushion, brilliant cut: halo or antique-style rings. Princess, brilliant cut: V-shaped prongs or a bezel to guard the corners. Radiant, brilliant cut: solitaire or halo. Emerald, step cut: simple, Art Deco, or vintage settings. Asscher, step cut: solitaire, halo, or antique style. Pear, brilliant cut: prongs or a bezel that guard the tip. Marquise, brilliant cut: V-shaped prongs, halo, or east-west. Heart, brilliant cut: prongs that guard the point. Cabochon, no facets: bezel or prong settings.Brilliant cut: many small facets, lots of sparkle.Step cut: long, flat facets in rows.RoundBrilliant cutClassic solitaireor detailed designsOvalBrilliant cutVintage ormodern settingsCushionBrilliant cutHalo orantique-style ringsPrincessBrilliant cutV-prongs or bezelto guard cornersRadiantBrilliant cutSolitaireor haloEmeraldStep cutSimple, Art Deco,or vintage settingsAsscherStep cutSolitaire, halo,or antique stylePearBrilliant cutProngs or bezelthat guard the tipMarquiseBrilliant cutV-prongs, halo,or east-westHeartBrilliant cutProngs thatguard the pointCabochonNo facetsBezel orprong settings

Earring Styles

Stud. A gem or small design on a thin post. From the front, it seems to float on the earlobe.
Hoop. A full or partial circle of metal. Small, plain hoops are called sleepers.
Huggie. A small hoop that hugs the curve of the earlobe instead of hanging below it.
Drop or dangle. A design that hangs below the earlobe from a chain, hoop, or wire. It can be short or very long.
Chandelier. A dangle with branching layers. It is wider at the bottom than at the top.
Threader. A thin chain that slips through the ear hole and hangs down behind the ear.
Ear cuff. A band that wraps around the outer edge of the ear.
Clip-on. An earring for ears that are not pierced. A two-part clip grips the earlobe.

Earring styles chartEight earring styles. Stud: a gem or small design on a thin post that seems to float on the earlobe. Hoop: a full or partial circle of metal. Huggie: a small hoop that hugs the curve of the earlobe. Drop or dangle: hangs below the earlobe from a chain, hoop, or wire. Chandelier: a dangle with branching layers, wider at the bottom than the top. Threader: a thin chain that slips through the ear hole. Ear cuff: wraps around the outer edge of the ear. Clip-on: a two-part clip that grips an earlobe that is not pierced.StudSits on the earlobeHoopFull or partialcircle of metalHuggieSmall hoop thathugs the earlobeDrop or dangleHangs belowthe earlobeChandelierBranching layers,wider at the bottomThreaderThin chain throughthe ear holeEar cuffWraps the outeredge of the earClip-onFor ears thatare not piercedEarring styles chartEight earring styles. Stud: a gem or small design on a thin post that seems to float on the earlobe. Hoop: a full or partial circle of metal. Huggie: a small hoop that hugs the curve of the earlobe. Drop or dangle: hangs below the earlobe from a chain, hoop, or wire. Chandelier: a dangle with branching layers, wider at the bottom than the top. Threader: a thin chain that slips through the ear hole. Ear cuff: wraps around the outer edge of the ear. Clip-on: a two-part clip that grips an earlobe that is not pierced.StudSits on the earlobeHoopFull or partialcircle of metalHuggieSmall hoop thathugs the earlobeDrop or dangleHangs belowthe earlobeChandelierBranching layers,wider at the bottomThreaderThin chain throughthe ear holeEar cuffWraps the outeredge of the earClip-onFor ears thatare not pierced

Vintage Earring Eras

Earring styles changed with hairstyles and with how people felt about pierced ears. Use these eras as a guide. Dates are approximate, and sources differ by a few years.

Georgian, 1714–1837. Hair worn up showed off the ears. The girandole was a favorite: three drops hanging from a top stone, often with a bow. The pendeloque had one large pear-shaped drop below a bow. Leading jewelers also sold fine paste, a sparkling cut glass.
Victorian, 1837–1901. Early in the era, hair covered the ears, and earrings fell out of favor. Small dormeuse earrings were worn at night so piercings would not close. By the mid-1800s, long drops were back. From about 1860, gold earrings copied from ancient jewelry found in digs, called archaeological revival, were in style.
Edwardian, about 1900–1915. Tiaras and hair ornaments drew the eye, so earrings were quieter. Long diamond, or diamond and pearl, drops set in platinum still made a statement. Screw backs, invented around the turn of the century, let people wear earrings without pierced ears.
Art Deco, 1920s–1930s. Long earrings were the height of style in the 1920s. In the 1930s, scrolled shapes worn close to the face took over.
Retro, mid-1930s–1950s. Clip-on earrings arrived in the 1930s. They were more comfortable than screw backs for ears that were not pierced. During World War II, earrings were smaller and mostly gold with small gems.
Mid-Century, 1950s–1960s. Pearl studs were the daytime classic, and diamonds came out at night. In 1951, Princess Elizabeth had her ears pierced to wear a wedding gift. By the 1960s, young women were piercing their ears again, and big hoops and long dangles were in style.
1970s, the hoop era. Hoops took center stage. By the early 1970s, pierced ears were common among women, and department stores held piercing events.
1980s, big and bold. Large doorknocker and button earrings ruled. Many people added piercings and wore several earrings at once.
Today, mix and match. There is no single look. Many modern designs echo vintage styles.

Vintage earring eras chartTimeline of vintage earring eras. Georgian, 1714 to 1837: girandoles, pear drops, and paste. Victorian, 1837 to 1901: long drops and archaeological revival gold. Edwardian, about 1900 to 1915: platinum, diamonds, and pearl drops. Art Deco, 1920s to 1930s: long drops, then scrolled shapes close to the face. Retro, mid-1930s to 1950s: clip-ons and smaller gold earrings with small gems. Mid-Century, 1950s to 1960s: pearl studs by day and diamonds at night. 1970s: hoops take center stage. 1980s: doorknockers, button earrings, and several earrings at once. Today: mix and match, with modern designs that echo vintage styles. Dates are approximate.1700175018001850190019502000Georgian1714–1837Girandoles, peardrops, pasteVictorian1837–1901Long drops,archaeological goldEdwardianAbout 1900–1915Platinum, diamonds,pearl dropsArt Deco1920s–1930sLong drops, thenscrolls near the faceRetroMid-1930s–1950sClip-ons, smallergold, small gemsMid-Century1950s–1960sPearl studs by day,diamonds at night1970sThe hoop eraHoops takecenter stage1980sBig and boldDoorknockers,buttons, stacksTodayMix and matchModern designsecho vintage stylesVintage earring eras chartTimeline of vintage earring eras. Georgian, 1714 to 1837: girandoles, pear drops, and paste. Victorian, 1837 to 1901: long drops and archaeological revival gold. Edwardian, about 1900 to 1915: platinum, diamonds, and pearl drops. Art Deco, 1920s to 1930s: long drops, then scrolled shapes close to the face. Retro, mid-1930s to 1950s: clip-ons and smaller gold earrings with small gems. Mid-Century, 1950s to 1960s: pearl studs by day and diamonds at night. 1970s: hoops take center stage. 1980s: doorknockers, button earrings, and several earrings at once. Today: mix and match, with modern designs that echo vintage styles. Dates are approximate.1700175018001850190019502000Georgian1714–1837Girandoles, peardrops, pasteVictorian1837–1901Long drops,archaeological goldEdwardianAbout 1900–1915Platinum, diamonds,pearl dropsArt Deco1920s–1930sLong drops, thenscrolls near the faceRetroMid-1930s–1950sClip-ons, smallergold, small gemsMid-Century1950s–1960sPearl studs by day,diamonds at night1970sThe hoop eraHoops takecenter stage1980sBig and boldDoorknockers,buttons, stacksTodayMix and matchModern designsecho vintage styles

Earring Details to Know

The back of an earring tells you how it stays on. It can also hint at its age.

Push back. Also called a butterfly or friction back. It slides onto the post and holds by friction. It is easy to use but can loosen over time.
Screw back. A small nut twists onto a threaded post. It holds tight but takes longer to put on.
Lever back. A curved ear wire that locks shut with a hinged lever behind the ear. It is common on drops and dangles.
French hook. An open wire hook that passes through the piercing with no clasp. A small rubber stopper can help keep it in.
Latch back. A hinged post that snaps into a notch. It is used on hoops and huggies.
Omega back. Also called a French clip. A loop shaped like the Greek letter omega (Ω) folds over the post and presses on the earlobe. It gives extra support to heavy earrings.
Screw-on. Made for ears that are not pierced. A small screw tightens against the back of the earlobe. It is a sign of an older earring, often from the early 1900s.
Clip-on. A hinged clip that grips the earlobe. Clip-ons and screw-ons were the main choice for much of the early to mid-1900s, when pierced ears were out of style.

Earring backs chartEight kinds of earring backs. Push back: slides onto the post and holds by friction. Screw back: a nut twists onto a threaded post. Lever back: a hinged lever locks the curved ear wire shut. French hook: an open wire hook with no clasp. Latch back: a hinged post snaps into a notch, used on hoops and huggies. Omega back: an omega-shaped loop folds over the post to support heavy earrings. Screw-on: a small screw tightens against the back of an earlobe that is not pierced, found on older earrings. Clip-on: a hinged clip grips the earlobe.Post and clip backs are shown from the side. The pink band is the earlobe.Push backSlides on and holdsby frictionScrew backA nut twists ontoa threaded postLever backA hinged lever locksthe ear wire shutFrench hookOpen wire hookwith no claspLatch backA hinged post snapsinto a notchOmega backΩ-shaped loop forheavy earringsScrew-onFor ears that are notpierced, often olderClip-onA hinged clip gripsthe earlobeEarring backs chartEight kinds of earring backs. Push back: slides onto the post and holds by friction. Screw back: a nut twists onto a threaded post. Lever back: a hinged lever locks the curved ear wire shut. French hook: an open wire hook with no clasp. Latch back: a hinged post snaps into a notch, used on hoops and huggies. Omega back: an omega-shaped loop folds over the post to support heavy earrings. Screw-on: a small screw tightens against the back of an earlobe that is not pierced, found on older earrings. Clip-on: a hinged clip grips the earlobe.Post and clip backs are shown from the side.The pink band is the earlobe.Push backSlides on and holdsby frictionScrew backA nut twists ontoa threaded postLever backA hinged lever locksthe ear wire shutFrench hookOpen wire hookwith no claspLatch backA hinged post snapsinto a notchOmega backΩ-shaped loop forheavy earringsScrew-onFor ears that are notpierced, often olderClip-onA hinged clip gripsthe earlobe

Necklace Styles

The Necklace Lengths chart near the top of this page shows how long each necklace is. This section shows the shapes you will see on vintage and modern necklaces.

Choker. A close-fitting necklace that sits high on the neck. Most are about 12 to 13 inches long.
Dog collar. A wide choker made of many rows of pearls, or a band of gold or platinum set with gems. Queen Alexandra made it famous in the early 1900s.
Pendant. A single ornament that hangs from a chain or cord.
Locket. A pendant that opens to hold a photo, a lock of hair, or another keepsake.
Lavalier. A fine chain that ends in a small diamond or pearl drop. It was an Edwardian favorite.
Négligée. A pendant with two drops that hang at different lengths.
Rivière. French for "river." A single row of large stones, often largest at the center.
Sautoir. A very long rope of pearls or beads, often finished with a tassel. It first appeared in the later 1800s.

Necklace styles chartEight necklace styles shown on a display bust. Choker: close-fitting and high on the neck. Dog collar: many rows of pearls or a band of gems worn high on the neck. Pendant: one ornament that hangs from a chain or cord. Locket: a pendant that opens to hold a photo or keepsake. Lavalier: a fine chain ending in a small diamond or pearl drop. Negligee: two drops of unequal length. Riviere: a single row of large stones. Sautoir: a long rope of pearls or beads, often with a tassel.ChokerClose-fitting,high on the neckDog collarMany rows wornhigh on the neckPendantOne ornament thathangs from a chainLocketA pendant that opensto hold a keepsakeLavalierFine chain endingin a small dropNégligéeTwo drops ofunequal lengthRivièreA single row oflarge stonesSautoirA long rope, oftenwith a tasselNecklace styles chartEight necklace styles shown on a display bust. Choker: close-fitting and high on the neck. Dog collar: many rows of pearls or a band of gems worn high on the neck. Pendant: one ornament that hangs from a chain or cord. Locket: a pendant that opens to hold a photo or keepsake. Lavalier: a fine chain ending in a small diamond or pearl drop. Negligee: two drops of unequal length. Riviere: a single row of large stones. Sautoir: a long rope of pearls or beads, often with a tassel.ChokerClose-fitting,high on the neckDog collarMany rows wornhigh on the neckPendantOne ornament thathangs from a chainLocketA pendant that opensto hold a keepsakeLavalierFine chain endingin a small dropNégligéeTwo drops ofunequal lengthRivièreA single row oflarge stonesSautoirA long rope, oftenwith a tassel

Vintage Necklace Eras

Necklaces changed with fashion and with what people could afford. Use these eras as a guide. Dates are approximate, and sources differ by a few years.

Georgian, 1714–1837. Rivières of paste, a sparkling cut glass, were in style. Portrait pendants and velvet ribbons were fashionable too. Imitation stones let more people own showy necklaces.
Victorian, 1837–1901. Early in the era, women draped pearl ropes across the shoulders and wore seed-pearl necklaces shaped like flowers and vines. The sautoir, a long rope often with tassels, appeared between about 1860 and 1890. After Prince Albert died in 1861, mourning lockets holding hair, and jewelry of black jet, were common.
Edwardian, about 1900–1915. Queen Alexandra made the dog collar popular, often with eight or more rows of pearls. It was often worn with rivières and sautoirs. Lavaliers and négligées hung from fine chains.
Art Deco, 1920s–1930s. Long ropes of pearls were the look of the 1920s. Coco Chanel made costume jewelry popular, including long ropes of glass beads. Geometric pendants with colored stones hung from long chains.
1950s, pearls and sets. Women wore pearls in single and double strands. Matching sets, called demi-parures, paired a necklace with a bracelet and clip-on earrings. Many necklaces sparkled with aurora borealis rhinestones, which have a rainbow finish.
1960s, long and layered. Pearls stayed in style early in the decade. Long, layered strands of beads became a bohemian favorite, sometimes with a spiritual pendant. Zodiac pendants and coin-like medallions took off late in the decade, and go-go fashion brought metallic chokers.
1970s, gold and chunky. Gold chains were worn alone or layered. Chunky necklaces of wood, beads, or shells, or set with colorful stones, were a signature look. Large gold medallions hung from long, heavy chains.
1980s, big and bold. Thick braided gold chains, yellow gold choker chains, and chunky necklaces ruled. Pearls came back, layered or worn as chokers, often with ornate clasps.
Today, layer it up. Many people wear two or more necklaces at once. Pearls paired with thick gold or silver chains are popular, and pendants on cords of leather or silk are back.

Vintage necklace eras chartTimeline of vintage necklace eras. Georgian, 1714 to 1837: paste rivieres and portrait pendants. Victorian, 1837 to 1901: pearl ropes, sautoirs, and mourning lockets. Edwardian, about 1900 to 1915: dog collars, lavaliers, and negligees. Art Deco, 1920s to 1930s: long pearl ropes and geometric pendants. 1950s: single and double pearl strands and matching sets. 1960s: long layered beads, medallions, and metallic chokers. 1970s: gold chains and big medallions. 1980s: thick gold chains and pearl chokers. Today: layered necklaces, pearls with chains, and cord pendants. Dates are approximate. The 1940s are not shown.1700175018001850190019502000Georgian1714–1837Paste rivières,portrait pendantsVictorian1837–1901Pearl ropes, sautoirs,mourning locketsEdwardianAbout 1900–1915Dog collars,lavaliers, négligéesArt Deco1920s–1930sLong pearl ropes,geometric pendants1950sPearls and setsSingle and doublepearl strands1960sLong and layeredBeads, medallions,metal chokers1970sGold and chunkyGold chains,big medallions1980sBig and boldThick gold chains,pearl chokersTodayLayer it upLayers, pearls withchains, cord pendantsVintage necklace eras chartTimeline of vintage necklace eras. Georgian, 1714 to 1837: paste rivieres and portrait pendants. Victorian, 1837 to 1901: pearl ropes, sautoirs, and mourning lockets. Edwardian, about 1900 to 1915: dog collars, lavaliers, and negligees. Art Deco, 1920s to 1930s: long pearl ropes and geometric pendants. 1950s: single and double pearl strands and matching sets. 1960s: long layered beads, medallions, and metallic chokers. 1970s: gold chains and big medallions. 1980s: thick gold chains and pearl chokers. Today: layered necklaces, pearls with chains, and cord pendants. Dates are approximate. The 1940s are not shown.1700175018001850190019502000Georgian1714–1837Paste rivières,portrait pendantsVictorian1837–1901Pearl ropes, sautoirs,mourning locketsEdwardianAbout 1900–1915Dog collars,lavaliers, négligéesArt Deco1920s–1930sLong pearl ropes,geometric pendants1950sPearls and setsSingle and doublepearl strands1960sLong and layeredBeads, medallions,metal chokers1970sGold and chunkyGold chains,big medallions1980sBig and boldThick gold chains,pearl chokersTodayLayer it upLayers, pearls withchains, cord pendants

Necklace Details to Know

The clasp holds a necklace closed. Pick one that suits the weight of the piece and how easy you want it to be to put on. On vintage pearls, a fishhook or screw clasp can point to the 1950s.

Lobster claw. A spring-loaded claw that snaps shut over a ring. It holds weight well and works for daily wear.
Spring ring. A small round ring with a tiny lever that pulls back to open it. It is dainty but can be hard to work.
Barrel. Also called a screw or torpedo clasp. One end screws into the other.
Hook and eye. A hook slips into a ring. It is simple but can come undone.
Magnetic. Two magnets pull the ends together. It is the easiest to use, and it holds only as well as its magnet.
Slide. Also called a bolo. A bead or slider moves along the chain or cord to change the length.
Toggle. A bar slips through a ring. You can close it with one hand, but it needs tension to stay shut.
Box. A tab clicks into a box and opens with a lever. It works well for heavy and multi-strand pieces.

For extra security, a figure 8 safety catch can be added beside many clasps.

Necklace clasps chartEight kinds of necklace clasps. Lobster claw: a spring-loaded claw that snaps over a ring, good for daily wear. Spring ring: a small round ring with a tiny lever, dainty but hard to work. Barrel: one end screws into the other. Hook and eye: a hook slips into a ring and can come undone. Magnetic: two magnets pull the ends together, easiest to use, holds only as well as its magnet. Slide: a bead moves along the chain or cord to adjust the length. Toggle: a bar slips through a ring. Box: a tab clicks into a box, good for heavy and multi-strand pieces.Lobster clawSpring-loaded claw,good for daily wearSpring ringSmall and dainty,can be hard to workBarrelOne end screwsinto the otherHook and eyeSimple, but itcan come undoneMagneticEasiest to use, holdsas well as its magnetSlideSlides along toadjust the lengthToggleA bar slipsthrough a ringBoxA tab clicks intoa box, for heavy piecesNecklace clasps chartEight kinds of necklace clasps. Lobster claw: a spring-loaded claw that snaps over a ring, good for daily wear. Spring ring: a small round ring with a tiny lever, dainty but hard to work. Barrel: one end screws into the other. Hook and eye: a hook slips into a ring and can come undone. Magnetic: two magnets pull the ends together, easiest to use, holds only as well as its magnet. Slide: a bead moves along the chain or cord to adjust the length. Toggle: a bar slips through a ring. Box: a tab clicks into a box, good for heavy and multi-strand pieces.Lobster clawSpring-loaded claw,good for daily wearSpring ringSmall and dainty,can be hard to workBarrelOne end screwsinto the otherHook and eyeSimple, but itcan come undoneMagneticEasiest to use, holdsas well as its magnetSlideSlides along toadjust the lengthToggleA bar slipsthrough a ringBoxA tab clicks intoa box, for heavy pieces

Bracelet Styles

Bracelets come in two main kinds. Rigid bracelets keep their shape and slip on. Flexible bracelets are made of links, beads, or pearls and close with a clasp.

Bangle. A rigid hoop, usually metal, that slips over the hand. Most have no clasp, and they are hard to resize, so fit matters.
Cuff. A rigid bracelet with no clasp and a narrow opening. You slide your wrist in through the opening, then turn the cuff into place.
Tennis. A line of matching stones, most often diamonds. The name is often traced to tennis star Chris Evert, who dropped her diamond line bracelet during a U.S. Open match and called it her tennis bracelet. Sources date the match to 1978 or 1987.
Charm. A bracelet with links that hold charms. Many people add charms over the years to mark milestones.
Link. Metal links joined together. Cuban link bracelets have wide, chunky links.
Pearl. A single strand of pearls, spaced pearls, or several strands.
Beaded. Beads of wood, plastic, glass, or crystal strung on string or elastic.
Slider. Also called a bolo. A sliding closure makes the bracelet tighter or looser.

Bracelet styles chartEight bracelet styles. Bangle: a rigid hoop that slips over the hand. Cuff: a rigid bracelet with an opening at the back. Tennis: a line of matching stones, most often diamonds. Charm: links that hold charms. Link: metal links joined together. Pearl: one or more strands of pearls. Beaded: beads on string or elastic. Slider: a sliding closure that adjusts the fit.BangleRigid hoop thatslips over the handCuffRigid, with anopening at the backTennisA line ofmatching stonesCharmLinks thathold charmsLinkMetal linksjoined togetherPearlOne or morestrands of pearlsBeadedBeads on stringor elasticSliderA sliding closureadjusts the fitBracelet styles chartEight bracelet styles. Bangle: a rigid hoop that slips over the hand. Cuff: a rigid bracelet with an opening at the back. Tennis: a line of matching stones, most often diamonds. Charm: links that hold charms. Link: metal links joined together. Pearl: one or more strands of pearls. Beaded: beads on string or elastic. Slider: a sliding closure that adjusts the fit.BangleRigid hoop thatslips over the handCuffRigid, with anopening at the backTennisA line ofmatching stonesCharmLinks thathold charmsLinkMetal linksjoined togetherPearlOne or morestrands of pearlsBeadedBeads on stringor elasticSliderA sliding closureadjusts the fit

Vintage Bracelet Eras

Bracelet fashions changed with gloves, new metals, and new materials like plastic. Use these eras as a guide. Dates are approximate, and sources differ by a few years.

Georgian, 1714–1837. By the 1700s, it was stylish to wear bracelets as a matching pair.
Victorian, 1837–1901. Early in the era, women wore pairs by day and wore bracelets over their gloves at night. Later came wide mesh bracelets, wide bangles, and gem-set link bracelets, and buckles were a favorite motif. Snake bracelets were popular as a symbol of eternity, and some held a plait of human hair. Late in the era, bangles were often worn several at a time.
Edwardian, about 1900–1915. A half-hoop bangle with a row of gems across the top was very stylish. Gold or diamond-set platinum link bracelets were in fashion too. Snake bracelets stayed popular through 1910, and Queen Alexandra often wore one over her gloves.
Art Deco, 1920s–1930s. Diamond and platinum bracelets with geometric patterns were popular, sometimes with sapphires, rubies, or emeralds. Platinum suited white diamonds because it does not tarnish. Flappers often wore several bracelets on each arm.
Retro, 1940s. Wide, sculptural tank bracelets were modeled on the tracks tank tires left in the dirt. Charm bracelets were wildly popular, and ID bracelets set a thin gold plate between lengths of chain.
1950s, day and night. Bangles, pearl bracelets, and gold mesh were worn by day, and diamonds came out at night. Charm bracelets stayed popular.
1960s, mod and stacked. Chunky plastic bangles in bright colors fit the Mod look. From the mid-1960s, stacking several bangles became chic. Late in the decade, charm bracelets with zodiac themes caught on.
1970s, thick bangles. Thick bangles were a staple, often stacked from the wrist up the forearm. Wood was a popular natural material.
1980s, bright and fun. Colorful rubber jelly bracelets and chunky plastic bangles were everywhere. Slap bracelets caught on late in the decade.
Today, stack and mix. Tennis bracelets remain a staple. Chunky cuffs and bangles are back, often stacked in mixed gold and silver tones.

Vintage bracelet eras chartTimeline of vintage bracelet eras. Georgian, 1714 to 1837: bracelets worn as a matching pair. Victorian, 1837 to 1901: snake bracelets, buckle motifs, and wide bangles. Edwardian, about 1900 to 1915: gem-topped half-hoop bangles and platinum link bracelets. Art Deco, 1920s to 1930s: geometric diamond and platinum bracelets. Retro, 1940s: tank, charm, and ID bracelets. 1950s: bangles, pearls, and gold mesh by day, diamonds at night. 1960s: chunky plastic bangles and stacked bangles. 1970s: thick bangles stacked up the forearm. 1980s: jelly bracelets and chunky plastic bangles. Today: cuffs, bangles, and mixed metals. Dates are approximate.1700175018001850190019502000Georgian1714–1837Bracelets wornas a pairVictorian1837–1901Snakes, buckles,wide banglesEdwardianAbout 1900–1915Gem-topped bangles,platinum linksArt Deco1920s–1930sDiamond andplatinum strapsRetro1940sTank, charm,and ID bracelets1950sDay and nightPearls and mesh by day,diamonds at night1960sMod and stackedChunky plastic,stacked bangles1970sThick banglesStacked upthe forearm1980sBright and funJelly bracelets,plastic banglesTodayStack and mixCuffs, bangles,mixed metalsVintage bracelet eras chartTimeline of vintage bracelet eras. Georgian, 1714 to 1837: bracelets worn as a matching pair. Victorian, 1837 to 1901: snake bracelets, buckle motifs, and wide bangles. Edwardian, about 1900 to 1915: gem-topped half-hoop bangles and platinum link bracelets. Art Deco, 1920s to 1930s: geometric diamond and platinum bracelets. Retro, 1940s: tank, charm, and ID bracelets. 1950s: bangles, pearls, and gold mesh by day, diamonds at night. 1960s: chunky plastic bangles and stacked bangles. 1970s: thick bangles stacked up the forearm. 1980s: jelly bracelets and chunky plastic bangles. Today: cuffs, bangles, and mixed metals. Dates are approximate.1700175018001850190019502000Georgian1714–1837Bracelets wornas a pairVictorian1837–1901Snakes, buckles,wide banglesEdwardianAbout 1900–1915Gem-topped bangles,platinum linksArt Deco1920s–1930sDiamond andplatinum strapsRetro1940sTank, charm,and ID bracelets1950sDay and nightPearls and mesh by day,diamonds at night1960sMod and stackedChunky plastic,stacked bangles1970sThick banglesStacked upthe forearm1980sBright and funJelly bracelets,plastic banglesTodayStack and mixCuffs, bangles,mixed metals

Bracelet Details to Know

How a bracelet closes affects how easy it is to put on and how well it stays on. Rigid bracelets usually have no clasp. Flexible bracelets use a clasp.

Slip-on. A bangle slides over the hand. It cannot be resized easily, so check the fit first.
Open cuff. Slide the narrow side of your wrist through the opening, then turn the cuff into place. Some metal cuffs can be bent slightly for a better fit. Do not bend ceramic or plastic cuffs.
Box clasp. A tongue slides into a box and locks. It is standard on high-end bracelets.
Figure 8 safety. A small catch that fits over the main clasp and locks, like a seatbelt for your bracelet.
Lobster claw. Pull the lever to open the claw, hook it onto the ring at the other end, and let it close.
Spring ring. Pull back the spring, loop the ring onto the other end, and let go. It is small and can be hard to work.
Toggle. A bar slips through a ring. You can close it with one hand, but it needs tension to stay shut.
Slider. The sliding closure adjusts the fit, so you do not need to know the wrist size ahead of time.

Bracelet closures chartEight ways bracelets close. Slip-on: a bangle slides over the hand. Open cuff: slide the wrist through the opening, then turn the cuff. Box clasp: a tongue slides into a box and locks. Figure 8 safety: a backup catch that fits over the main clasp. Lobster claw: a spring-loaded claw hooks onto a ring. Spring ring: pull back the spring, loop it on, then let go. Toggle: a bar slips through a ring. Slider: slides to adjust the fit.Slip-onA bangle slidesover the handOpen cuffSlide the wrist in,then turn the cuffBox claspA tongue slidesinto a box and locksFigure 8 safetyA backup catch overthe main claspLobster clawSpring-loaded clawhooks onto a ringSpring ringPull back the spring,loop, then let goToggleA bar slipsthrough a ringSliderSlides toadjust the fitBracelet closures chartEight ways bracelets close. Slip-on: a bangle slides over the hand. Open cuff: slide the wrist through the opening, then turn the cuff. Box clasp: a tongue slides into a box and locks. Figure 8 safety: a backup catch that fits over the main clasp. Lobster claw: a spring-loaded claw hooks onto a ring. Spring ring: pull back the spring, loop it on, then let go. Toggle: a bar slips through a ring. Slider: slides to adjust the fit.Slip-onA bangle slidesover the handOpen cuffSlide the wrist in,then turn the cuffBox claspA tongue slidesinto a box and locksFigure 8 safetyA backup catch overthe main claspLobster clawSpring-loaded clawhooks onto a ringSpring ringPull back the spring,loop, then let goToggleA bar slipsthrough a ringSliderSlides toadjust the fit

Metals and Stones

The metal and stones in a piece shape its look, its care, and its price. Use these terms to read a listing and check the marks on a piece.

Gold and Karat

Karat. Karat tells how much of the metal is pure gold, out of 24 parts. 10K is 41.7% gold, 14K is 58.3%, 18K is 75%, and 24K is pure gold.
Karat marks. Look for 10K, 14K, or 18K, or the European marks 417, 585, or 750.
Selling with the karat. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) guides say gold that is not 24K should be sold with its karat, such as “14 karat gold.”
Softness. More gold makes a softer metal. The Gemological Institute of America (GIA) notes that 18K white gold is somewhat softer than 14K.
Karat and carat. Karat measures the purity of gold. Carat measures the weight of a stone.

Gold Colors

Yellow gold. Gold mixed with metals such as silver, copper, nickel, and zinc. The shade depends on the karat and the mix.
White gold. Gold mixed with white metals such as nickel or palladium. Jewelers then coat it with rhodium, a bright white metal in the platinum family. The coating wears off over time, and a jeweler can re-plate it.
Rose gold. Gold mixed with copper for a pink color. It is most often 14K.

Gold Over Another Metal

These pieces have a layer of real gold over silver or a base metal. They give the look of gold for less. FTC guides set these minimums.
Gold filled. A layer of at least 10K gold bonded to a base metal. The gold must be at least 1/20 of the total metal weight. Gold filled has the thickest layer.
Rolled gold plate. A thinner bonded layer of at least 10K gold. The mark shows the fraction and karat, such as 1/40 12K rolled gold plate.
Vermeil. Sterling silver coated with gold of at least 10K. The gold must be at least 2.5 microns thick. Gold over a base metal core is not true vermeil unless the seller says so.
Gold electroplate. Gold of at least 10K applied by electroplating, at least 0.175 microns thick. It is often marked GEP. Heavy gold electroplate is at least 2.5 microns thick.
Gold plated. A thin gold layer, often over copper or brass. It is the most affordable choice and tarnishes the fastest. It is often marked GP.

Silver, Platinum, and Palladium

Sterling silver. At least 92.5% pure silver, usually mixed with copper. Look for a 925 or Sterling mark.
Coin silver. At least 90% silver. It cannot be marked sterling.
Silver plated. A coating of silver over another metal. FTC guides say plated pieces should not be stamped sterling or coin.
Rhodium plated silver. A thin rhodium coating adds shine and helps stop tarnish.
Silver care. Silver tarnishes when it meets air and moisture. Polish it often, store it with care, and take it off before you shower.
Platinum. FTC guides say a piece marked just “Platinum” should be at least 95% platinum. Pieces with 85% or 90% platinum show the number, such as 900Pt. Platinum stays naturally white.
Palladium. A white metal in the platinum family. Like platinum, it stays white without re-plating.
Silvertone and goldtone. These words describe the color of the metal. They do not say the piece has real silver or gold in it. Real gold and silver are sold with their fineness, such as 14K or 925.

Carat Weight

Carat. A unit of weight for gems. One carat is 200 milligrams.
Points. One carat has 100 points. A 0.25 carat stone is often called a “twenty-five pointer.” FTC guides say a weight given in points should also be given in decimal carats, such as “25 points or .25 carat.”
Weight, not size. Carat measures weight, not size. Two stones of the same weight are not always equal in value. All else being equal, a larger diamond is rarer and costs more.
Fractions. Weights such as 1/2 carat are not exact. FTC guides say sellers should say so and give the range.

Stone Types and Hardness

The Mohs scale rates how well a stone resists scratches, from 1 to 10. Softer stones are often cut as smooth cabochons, and a bezel, a metal rim around the stone, is the safest way to hold a cabochon.
Treatments. Ask whether a stone was treated. FTC guides say sellers should disclose treatments that are not permanent, need special care, or change the value.
Lab-grown and look-alike stones. These should be labeled with words like “laboratory-created,” “imitation,” or “simulated.”

Stones by Color

Many gems come in more than one color. Use this list to find stones in the colors you love.

Sources for this section: Federal Trade Commission, Guides for the Jewelry, Precious Metals, and Pewter Industries (Title 16, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 23); Jewelers of America, Gold Jewelry Guide and Gemstone Guide; GIA 4Cs, Diamond Carat Weight and White Gold vs. Silver; USGS, Gemstones: Mineral Information. Cubic zirconia and pearl hardness come from the sources listed at the end of this guide.

Read the Marks

Tiny stamps on a piece tell you what it is made of and who made it. Look inside ring bands, on clasps and tags, on earring posts, and on the backs of brooches and pendants. A loupe or magnifier helps.

Quality marks

  • A quality mark tells you the metal and how pure it is, such as 14K, 585, 925, or Sterling.
  • Plated pieces must say so. United States law does not allow “sterling” or “coin” on silver plated or other plated pieces.

Maker’s marks

  • A maker’s mark is a name, initials, or logo that identifies who made or sold the piece.
  • Under United States law, a maker or dealer who stamps a gold or silver quality mark must also stamp a registered trademark or their name. It must be at least as large as the quality mark and as close to it as possible.
  • No maker’s mark next to a United States quality mark? Ask the seller about the piece. Older and foreign pieces can follow different rules.

British hallmarks

  • A United Kingdom (UK) hallmark has three required marks: the sponsor’s mark (the maker or sender), the fineness mark, and the assay office mark.
  • Assay office marks: a leopard’s head for London, an anchor for Birmingham, a rose for Sheffield, and a castle for Edinburgh.
  • An optional date letter shows the year. It was required until 1999. Read it with the assay office mark and a date letter chart.

Look up a maker

  • United States makers often register their marks as trademarks. Search the name or logo words in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) trademark search.
  • UK sponsor’s marks are registered with an assay office.
  • For valuable pieces, a jeweler or appraiser can confirm the metal with testing.

Marks show what a maker or seller claims. Testing by a jeweler is the surest way to confirm the metal.

Sources for this section: Legal Information Institute (Cornell Law School), 15 U.S. Code § 297, Stamping Plated Articles; Federal Trade Commission, Guides for the Jewelry, Precious Metals, and Pewter Industries (16 CFR Part 23); GOV.UK, Hallmarking Is the Law, Guidance Summary; The Goldsmiths’ Company, London Assay Office, Hallmarking; Birmingham Assay Office, Silver Assay and Hallmarking.

Pocket Watches

Portable spring-driven watches first appeared in Europe in the 1500s. Peter Henlein of Nuremberg, Germany, was making pocket watches by 1526. Until the third quarter of the 1800s, most pocket watches were wound and set with a key. Pocket watches stayed the most common kind of watch until wristwatches became popular after World War I.

Railroads made pocket watches part of daily work. On April 19, 1891, a train wreck in Kipton, Ohio, happened because an engineer's watch had stopped for four minutes. In 1893, almost all railroads adopted the General Railroad Timepiece Standards. Approved watches had to keep time within 30 seconds a week.

Pocket Watch Styles

Open face. No metal cover over the glass. The crown usually sits at 12 o'clock. The railroad standards called for open-face watches.
Hunter case. A hinged metal lid closes over the dial to protect it.
Half hunter. The lid has a small window or opening, so you can read the hands without opening it.
Sidewinder. A hunter movement fitted in an open-face case, so the crown sits at 3 o'clock instead of 12.
Pair case. Two cases that nest together. The inner case holds the movement, and a removable outer case protects it from dirt and damage. Pair cases were common in the 1700s.

Pocket watch styles chartFive pocket watch styles. Open face: no metal cover over the glass, and the crown usually sits at 12 o'clock. Hunter case: a hinged metal lid closes over the dial to protect it. Half hunter: the lid has a small window or opening, so you can read the hands without opening it. Sidewinder: a hunter movement in an open-face case, so the crown sits at 3 o'clock. Pair case: a removable outer case protects the inner case that holds the watch.Open faceNo metal cover over the glass.Crown usually at 12 o'clock.Hunter caseA hinged metal lid closesover the dial to protect it.Half hunterThe lid has a small window,so you can read the hands.SidewinderAn open face with thecrown at 3 o'clock.Pair caseA removable outer caseprotects the watch.Pocket watch styles chartFive pocket watch styles. Open face: no metal cover over the glass, and the crown usually sits at 12 o'clock. Hunter case: a hinged metal lid closes over the dial to protect it. Half hunter: the lid has a small window or opening, so you can read the hands without opening it. Sidewinder: a hunter movement in an open-face case, so the crown sits at 3 o'clock. Pair case: a removable outer case protects the inner case that holds the watch.Open faceNo metal cover over the glass.Crown usually at 12 o'clock.Hunter caseA hinged metal lid closesover the dial to protect it.Half hunterThe lid has a small window,so you can read the hands.SidewinderAn open face with thecrown at 3 o'clock.Pair caseA removable outer caseprotects the watch.

Vintage Pocket Watch Eras

Pocket watches changed as watchmakers found ways to make them more accurate, easier to wind, and cheaper to build. Use these eras as a guide. Dates are approximate.

1500s, the first watches. Early spring-driven watches had heavy brass cases shaped like drums. People wore them on a chain or fastened them to their clothes. Later rounded ones were called Nuremberg eggs. Early watches had only an hour hand.
1600s, into the pocket. Glass began to cover the dial around 1610. By 1675, men carried watches in their pockets instead of wearing them as pendants. This change is linked to King Charles II bringing in the waistcoat. The minute hand arrived late in the century.
1700s, pair cases. Many watches had two cases. The inner case held the movement, and a removable outer case kept out dirt and damage. Jewel bearings were patented in 1704. Until the 1720s, nearly all watches used the verge escapement, which was not very accurate.
Early 1800s, the lever watch. The lever escapement, invented in 1755, became common after about 1820. Most mechanical watches still use it. Most watches still wound and set with a key.
1850s, stem winding. Watches that wound and set with the crown went on sale at the Great Exhibition in London in 1851. In 1857, the American Watch Company in Waltham, Massachusetts, began making watches with parts that could be swapped. By 1865, it made over 50,000 watches a year.
1890s, railroad watches. After the 1891 Kipton train wreck, almost all railroads adopted watch standards in 1893. After 1908, railroad watches had to be open face, with the winding stem at 12 o'clock and lever setting.
1890s to 1950s, dollar watches. Simple, mass-made watches sold for about a dollar. The Ingersoll Yankee sold for $1 in 1896. Most dollar watches had one jewel or none.
After 1918, wristwatches win. During World War I, officers found wristwatches easier to check in the field. After the war, wristwatches slowly replaced pocket watches.
Today, collectors. Three-piece suits brought a small pocket watch revival in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Quartz pocket watches are made today, and fine makers still build complex mechanical ones.

Pocket watch eras chartTimeline of pocket watch eras. 1500s: the first spring-driven watches, drum and egg shaped, often with only an hour hand. 1600s: watches move into waistcoat pockets, glass covers the dial, and minute hands appear. 1700s: pair cases, with an outer case that guards the watch. Early 1800s: the lever escapement becomes common, and most watches wind with a key. 1850s: stem winding and machine-made interchangeable parts. 1890s: railroad watches, open face and lever set, with strict accuracy rules. 1890s to 1950s: cheap dollar watches with few or no jewels. After 1918: wristwatches slowly replace pocket watches. Today: quartz models and fine mechanical pocket watches for collectors. Dates are approximate.1500160017001800190020001500sThe first watchesDrum and egg shapes,hour hand only1600sInto the pocketWaistcoat pockets,glass, minute hands1700sPair casesAn outer caseguards the watchEarly 1800sThe lever watchLever escapement,key winding1850sStem windingCrown winding,machine-made parts1890sRailroad watchesOpen face, lever set,strict accuracy$11890s–1950sDollar watchesCheap and simple,few or no jewelsAfter 1918Wristwatches winPocket watchesslowly fadeTodayCollectorsQuartz models andfine mechanical onesPocket watch eras chartTimeline of pocket watch eras. 1500s: the first spring-driven watches, drum and egg shaped, often with only an hour hand. 1600s: watches move into waistcoat pockets, glass covers the dial, and minute hands appear. 1700s: pair cases, with an outer case that guards the watch. Early 1800s: the lever escapement becomes common, and most watches wind with a key. 1850s: stem winding and machine-made interchangeable parts. 1890s: railroad watches, open face and lever set, with strict accuracy rules. 1890s to 1950s: cheap dollar watches with few or no jewels. After 1918: wristwatches slowly replace pocket watches. Today: quartz models and fine mechanical pocket watches for collectors. Dates are approximate.1500160017001800190020001500sThe first watchesDrum and egg shapes,hour hand only1600sInto the pocketWaistcoat pockets,glass, minute hands1700sPair casesAn outer caseguards the watchEarly 1800sThe lever watchLever escapement,key winding1850sStem windingCrown winding,machine-made parts1890sRailroad watchesOpen face, lever set,strict accuracy$11890s–1950sDollar watchesCheap and simple,few or no jewelsAfter 1918Wristwatches winPocket watchesslowly fadeTodayCollectorsQuartz models andfine mechanical ones

Pocket Watch Details to Know

How a pocket watch winds and sets can help you date it. The words on the movement tell you about its quality.

Key wind. A small key winds the watch and sets the time. Most watches worked this way until the third quarter of the 1800s.
Stem wind. Turn the crown to wind the watch. Pull it out and turn it to set the hands. This is the most common kind.
Lever set. Pull out a small lever, usually near 10 or 2 o'clock on an open-face watch, before you set the time. It keeps the time from changing by accident. American railroads required it after 1908.
Nail set. Press a small pin beside the stem, then turn the crown to set the time.
Crown position. On an open-face watch, the crown sits at 12 and the small seconds dial at 6. On antique hunter cases, the crown sits at 3. A watch called a sidewinder has a hunter movement in an open-face case, so its crown sits at 3.
Jewels. Jewels are tiny bearings, now mostly synthetic ruby or sapphire, that cut friction. A fully jeweled watch has 17. Railroad watches needed at least 17.
Adjusted. "Adjusted to 5 positions" means the watch was tuned to keep good time in different positions. Mid-grade watches were often adjusted to 3 positions, and high-grade ones to 5 or 6.
Fusee. A cone-shaped pulley and chain that evens out the pull of the mainspring. It was essential in early verge watches.

Pocket watch details chartEight pocket watch details. Key wind: a key winds the watch and sets the time. Stem wind: turn the crown to wind and pull it out to set. Lever set: pull out a small lever before setting the time. Nail set: press a small pin beside the stem, then turn the crown. Crown position: at 12 o clock on open-face watches and at 3 o clock on antique hunter cases. Jewels: tiny bearings that cut friction; 17 jewels is fully jeweled. Adjusted: tuned to keep time in different positions. Fusee: a cone and chain that even out the pull of the mainspring.Key windA key windsand sets itStem windTurn the crown;pull it to setLever setPull a small leverbefore settingNail setPress a pin, thenturn the crownOpen faceOld hunterCrown positionAt 12 on open face,at 3 on old huntersJewelsTiny bearings;17 is fully jeweledAdjustedTuned to keep timein each positionFuseeA cone and chaineven out the springPocket watch details chartEight pocket watch details. Key wind: a key winds the watch and sets the time. Stem wind: turn the crown to wind and pull it out to set. Lever set: pull out a small lever before setting the time. Nail set: press a small pin beside the stem, then turn the crown. Crown position: at 12 o clock on open-face watches and at 3 o clock on antique hunter cases. Jewels: tiny bearings that cut friction; 17 jewels is fully jeweled. Adjusted: tuned to keep time in different positions. Fusee: a cone and chain that even out the pull of the mainspring.Key windA key windsand sets itStem windTurn the crown;pull it to setLever setPull a small leverbefore settingNail setPress a pin, thenturn the crownOpen faceOld hunterCrown positionAt 12 on open face,at 3 on old huntersJewelsTiny bearings;17 is fully jeweledAdjustedTuned to keep timein each positionFuseeA cone and chaineven out the spring

Pocket Watch Chains

A chain keeps a pocket watch from being dropped and fastens it to a waistcoat, lapel, or belt loop. On many chains, a T-bar slips through a buttonhole, and a swivel hook or a round spring catch called a bolt ring holds the watch.

Neck chain. The first watches of the 1500s were often worn on a chain around the neck or fastened to clothing.
Chatelaine. A decorative hook worn at the waist, with several chains for a watch, keys, seals, and small tools. Men and women both wore them in the 1700s.
Albert chain. A chain with a T-bar at one end that slips through a waistcoat buttonhole. A swivel hook or clasp at the other end holds the watch. It is named after a style of watch chain worn by Prince Albert, Queen Victoria's husband.
Double Albert. Two lengths of chain meet at one bar, and each ends in its own swivel hook.
Fob. A decorative pendant, such as a medal, that hangs from the chain. Small items like a winding key, a seal, or a match case were also carried on watch chains. The word fob may come from the German word fuppe, a small pocket.
Hair chain. A chain woven from a loved one's hair and worn in mourning. Interest in mourning jewelry grew after Prince Albert died in 1861, and some hair chains were still made in 1914. Black jet chains were also worn in mourning.
Ribbon chain. Some Albert chains used silk ribbon in place of metal links, with gold clips at the ends.
Leather strap. A short strap, also called a fob, used when a long chain would get in the way or catch on things.

Pocket watch chains chartEight kinds of pocket watch chains. Neck chain: the earliest watches hung from a chain around the neck. Chatelaine: a decorative hook worn at the waist with several chains for a watch, keys, and seals. Albert chain: a T-bar slips through a waistcoat buttonhole and a swivel hook holds the watch. Double Albert: two lengths of chain meet at one bar, each with its own swivel hook. Fob: a decorative pendant, such as a medal, that hangs from the chain. Hair chain: woven from human hair and worn in mourning. Ribbon chain: an Albert made of silk ribbon with gold clips. Leather strap: a short strap used in place of a long chain.Neck chainEarly watches hungaround the neckChatelaineA waist hook withseveral chainsAlbert chainT-bar in a buttonhole,the watch on a swivelDouble AlbertTwo chainson one barFobA pendant that hangsfrom the chainHair chainWoven hair,worn in mourningRibbon chainSilk ribbon withgold clipsLeather strapA short strapin place of a chainPocket watch chains chartEight kinds of pocket watch chains. Neck chain: the earliest watches hung from a chain around the neck. Chatelaine: a decorative hook worn at the waist with several chains for a watch, keys, and seals. Albert chain: a T-bar slips through a waistcoat buttonhole and a swivel hook holds the watch. Double Albert: two lengths of chain meet at one bar, each with its own swivel hook. Fob: a decorative pendant, such as a medal, that hangs from the chain. Hair chain: woven from human hair and worn in mourning. Ribbon chain: an Albert made of silk ribbon with gold clips. Leather strap: a short strap used in place of a long chain.Neck chainEarly watches hungaround the neckChatelaineA waist hook withseveral chainsAlbert chainT-bar in a buttonhole,the watch on a swivelDouble AlbertTwo chainson one barFobA pendant that hangsfrom the chainHair chainWoven hair,worn in mourningRibbon chainSilk ribbon withgold clipsLeather strapA short strapin place of a chain

Pocket Watch Brands

These makers are known for their pocket watches. They are listed by the year each one started.

Vacheron Constantin, 1755. Started in Geneva, Switzerland. It is the oldest watchmaker that has never stopped making watches. In 2024, it made a pocket watch with 63 complications, or extra features. It is the most complex watch ever made.
Breguet, 1775. Started in Paris by Abraham-Louis Breguet. He sold self-winding pocket watches by 1780. In 1801, he patented the tourbillon, a part that turns to offset the pull of gravity.
Patek Philippe, 1839. Started in Geneva, Switzerland, making pocket watches. Its Henry Graves Supercomplication pocket watch, finished in 1933, was the most complex watch in the world until 1989.
Waltham, 1850. Started in Massachusetts. It led the way in making watches by machine in America.
Tissot, 1853. Started in Switzerland. It has made pocket watches since 1853 and still sells them today.
Elgin, 1864. Based in Elgin, Illinois. It made more than 55 million pocket watches.
Ball, 1891. Started in Cleveland, Ohio, by Webb C. Ball. After the Kipton train wreck, railroad officials made him their chief time inspector. He set strict rules for railroad watches.
Hamilton, 1892. Started in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. It sold its first pocket watches as the "Watch of Railroad Accuracy." It stopped making watches in America in 1969.
Ingersoll, 1892. In 1896, its Yankee pocket watch became the first watch sold for one dollar. This let working people own a watch.

Sources

Gemological Institute of America (GIA): Pearl Description
GIA: Pearl History and Lore
GIA: Pearl Buying Guide and Quality Factors
GIA: Pearl Care and Cleaning Guide
GIA: How Should I Care for My Pearls?
GIA 4Cs: Engagement Ring Styles
GIA 4Cs: How to Buy a Three Stone Engagement Ring
International Antique Jewelers Association: How to Select the Perfect Pearl Strand
Wikipedia: Ring (Jewellery)
Wikipedia: Pocket Watch
Pocket Watch Database: Case Configurations
Wikipedia: Vacheron Constantin
Vacheron Constantin: Exceptional Timepieces (The Berkley Grand Complication)
Wikipedia: Breguet (Brand)
Wikipedia: Patek Philippe
Wikipedia: Waltham Watch Company
Tissot: Savonnette Pocket Watch
Barry S. Goldberg: Elgin Pocket Watches
Wikipedia: Webb C. Ball
Wikipedia: Ball Watch Company
Wikipedia: Hamilton Watch Company
Wikipedia: Dollar Watch
Smithsonian Magazine: Mark Twain’s Quest to Bring Affordable Watches to the Masses
GIA 4Cs: How to Shop for Antique and Vintage Engagement Rings
GIA: Is There a Difference Between Natural and Laboratory-Grown Diamonds?
GIA 4Cs: What Are Synthetic Diamonds?
Federal Trade Commission: In the Loupe, Advertising Diamonds, Gemstones and Pearls
GIA Gems & Gemology: Cubic Zirconia, An Update
LibreTexts Gemology: Synthetic Cubic Zirconia
Jeweller Magazine: Synthetic Moissanite
Wikipedia: Moissanite
GIA 4Cs: Guide to Diamond Engagement Ring Shapes
GIA: Gem Cutting Styles, Definitions
GIA: How to Protect a Diamond from Chipping
GIA 4Cs: How to Select a Princess Cut Diamond
GemSelect: Why Cabochons?
Cooksongold: What Is a Cabochon? How to Set a Cabochon
Estate Diamond Jewelry: The Guide to the Cabochon Gemstone

Wikipedia: Earring
International Antique Jewelers Association: The Magical History of Earrings
Victoria and Albert Museum: Girandole Earrings (Paste)
Victoria and Albert Museum: Archaeological-Style Earrings by Carlo Giuliano
Island County Historical Society: Clip-on Earrings, ca. 1930s
Jewelers Mutual: Types of Earring Backs
Wikipedia: Necklace
Gemological Institute of America (GIA): Pearl Fashion Through the Ages
A Jewellery History: What Is a Pendant?
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation: Rivière Necklace, 1770–1820
International Antique Jewelers Association: Swinging 1970s Jewelry
BriteCo: 1950s Jewelry Trends
Jewelers Mutual: 10 Jewelry Trends from the 1960s
Jewelers Mutual: 70s Jewelry Trends
Jewelers Mutual: 80s Jewelry Trends
Jewelers Mutual: 10 Jewelry Trends in 2025
Jewelers Mutual: Types of Jewelry Clasps
Wikipedia: Bracelet
International Antique Jewelers Association: Arm Candy: Bangles, Bracelets and Cuffs
International Antique Jewelers Association: The Retro Years: Jewelry of the 1940s
Gemological Institute of America (GIA): Jewels of the Edwardians
The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Bracelet, 1920s, attributed to Dreicer & Co.
The Henry Ford and Wayne State University: Bracelet, about 1860
Jewelers Mutual: Types of Bracelets
BriteCo: 10 Types of Bracelets
Wikipedia: Jewel Bearing
Munson (Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute): Pair-case Watch and Chatelaine, 1725–1750
Albuquerque Museum: Watch Chain, about 1920
Royal Museums Greenwich: Albert Chain for Pocket Watch
Museums Victoria: Gold Fob and Albert Chain, 1920
Collections WA: Hair Work Mourning Albert Chain, 1914
Victoria and Albert Museum: Jet Watch Chain, about 1875
Wikipedia: Chatelaine
Federal Trade Commission: Guides for the Jewelry, Precious Metals, and Pewter Industries (Title 16, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 23)
Jewelers of America: Gold Jewelry Guide
Jewelers of America: Gemstone Guide
GIA 4Cs: Diamond Carat Weight
GIA 4Cs: White Gold vs. Silver
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS): Gemstones, Mineral Information